《人权捍卫者宣言》简介

《人权捍卫者宣言》于1998年12月9日被联合国大会采用，是联合国第一份承认人权捍卫者工作的重要性以及承认给予开展保护人权运动更好保护的需要的文件。

《宣言》包含了人权活动者的权利条款，以及在国家保证这些权利时应履行的义务。另外，《宣言》包括了人权捍卫者的责任的条款，以及其他能够影响人权实现的人的责任。

《人权捍卫者宣言》在联合国大会的所有185名成员国适用。作为一部《宣言》，它对这些国家没有法律的约束力。然而，它对联合国成员国有极大的道德权威，因为这些国家都一致同意《宣言》的所有条款。它反映了国家意图遵守的规范，即使国家不必这样做。

通常，宣言会发展为公约，即成为一部国家正式签署和认可的具有法律约束力的文件。在这种情况下，国家能够真正的承担贯彻该公约包含的条款，就像国家签署了一个合同，而不是仅仅表达他们希望这个规范能够执行。《人权捍卫者宣言》将非常有希望获得相应的地位，成为《人权捍卫者公约》。

然而，仅仅是《宣言》的存在已经是非常重要了。它表达了国家已经接受了有关保护人权捍卫者的国际规范，即使国家还没有像签署和认可条约或公约一样签署和认可《宣言》。国家已经在精神上接受《宣言》的约束即使他们的实践没有必要与《宣言》的条款相一致。

人权捍卫者宣言

（正式名称为关于个人、社会组织、机构促进和保护普遍承认的人权和基本自由的权利和责任的宣言）

序言：

（联合国）大会全体成员：

再次重申，遵守联合国宪章的宗旨和原则以促进和保护世界上所有国家和人民的人权和基本自由是非常重要的。

再次重申，世界人权宣言和人权的国际公约在促进对人权和基本自由的尊重和施行上，它们是最基本的国际手段，起着非常重要的作用；同时，在联合国体系内及一些区域性组织中适用的其他保护人权的方式也是很重要的。

在此强调，国际社会的所有成员，不论共同的还是个别的都要承担他们庄严的责任来推动和鼓励对人权和基本自由的尊严，而不能有任何种类的差别对待。不因为种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他观点、国籍、社会地位、财产、出生或其他情况的不同而区别对待；尤其要强调根据联合国宪章通过国际上的协作来完成这一义务的重要性。

在有效消除各种对民族和个人的人权和基本自由的侵犯上，通过国际合作，无数个人、团体、协会都起到了非常重要的作用，这是应当值得肯定的，同时，他们在防止大规模的、有计划的侵权方面也做出了巨大的贡献，如种族隔离政策，各种种族歧视、殖民主义、外国占有和支配，对国家主权，国家统一或领土完整的侵犯或威胁，拒绝承认民族自决权，对民族自主支配其财富和自然资源的阻碍所造成的侵权等。

我们要充分认识到国际和平与安全，人权和基本自由的享有存在着密切的联系，也要注意虽然国际和平与安全还未完全实现，但不能忽略推动人权和基本自由的发展的任务。

在此重申，所有的人权和基本自由都是普遍存在不可分割的，他们互相联系，互相影响，应该以公正平等的方式对等和实施，对任何一种权利和自由都不应有任何偏见。

再次强调推动和保护人权和基本自由是国家的基本责任和义务。

个人、团体、机构都有权利和责任去促进对人权和基本自由的尊重，增加在这方面的知识，不论是在国家内部还是在国际上。

在此宣言：：

第1条

每一个人，无论单独的还是与他人联合，无论是在国内还是国际上，都有权为推动人权和基本自由的保护和实现而斗争。

第2条

1.每个国家都负有基本的责任和义务来保护、推动和实施所有的人权和基本自由，这可以通过各种方式来实现。有必要在社会、经济、政治以及其他领域创造各种条件，实施法律保障，使所有人、单独的或是团体成员在一起的，都能够在这种司法管辖下实际地享有这些权利和自由。

2.每个国家都应当采取这些立法的、行政的、及其他必要措施，切实保证本宣言所指出的各种权利和自由都能够实现。

第3款

人权和基本自由是通过法律框架来实施和享有的，这种法律框架是由符合联合国宪章的国内法及国家在人权和基本自由领域所承担的其他国际义务所构成的。本宣言所提到的所有对这些权利和自由的促进、保护和有效地实现也都是在此框架下实施的。

第4款

本宣言的任何部分都不得被解释为是对联合国宗旨和原则的缩减或违背，也不得被解释为是对世界人权宣言、国际人权公约和其他在此领域的国际协议的限制或损害。

第5款

为了促进和保护人权和基本自由的发展，每个人，无论单独的或团结其他成员，不论在国内或国际，都有权：

（a）和平地聚会或集会；

（b）组织、加入或参加非政府组织、协会或团体；

（c）与非政府或政府间组织进行交流。

第6款

每个人都有权单独地或与他人联合：

（a）了解、寻求、获取、接收、掌握所有关于人权和基本自由的信息，包括这些权利和自由是如何在国内立法、司法或行政体系中具体实施的。

（b）正如在人权和其他可应用的国际文件规定的一样，可以自由印刷、教授、传播关于人权和基本自由的观点、信息和知识。

（c）对如何在法律上和实践中具体实现人权和基本自由，进行学习、讨论，形成各种观点，通过这些及其他一些适当方式来引起公众对这些问题的关注。

第7条

每个人，无论是单独还是与他人联合，都有权讨论和形成新的关于人权的观点，并且促使它们为人们所接受。

第8条

1.每个人，无论单独的还是与他人联合，都有权在非歧视的基础上，有效地接触并参加一国政府并且参与公共事务。

2.这包括，无论个人或与他人联合，都有权在公共事务上向政府机构、办事处或组织提出批评和建议，使他们提高效率；并且当他们工作的任何方面阻碍了人权和基本自由的发展、保护和实现时，提请他们注意。

第9条

1.在人权和基本自由的实践过程中，包括本宣言提到的人权的发展和保护过程中，每个人，无论单独的还是与他人联合，都应该能够从有效的补救措施中受益，并且在这些权利受到侵犯时能够得到保护。

2.在此方面，任何一个宣称自己的权利或自由被侵犯的个人，都有权亲自或通过其法定代表向适当的司法机构或依法建立的其他机构申诉，并依法从这样的机构获得一个裁决，按其权利和自由实际被侵犯的程度，包括适当的赔偿；对裁决的执行情况会立即在其后召开的一个独立、公正的听证会上进行审查；不允许有不当的延误。

3.同时，任何人不论单独地或与他人联合，都有权：

（a）当单个公务员或政府机构做出了侵犯人权和基本自由的政策和行动时，可以就此申诉或其他恰当的方式并提交给适当的国内司法、行政及立法机构或国家法律授权的其他机构。这些机构应当对此申诉作出裁决而不应当有不当的延误。

（b）旁听听证会、诉讼和审判，判断他们是否符合国内法及国际法上应承担的义务。

（c）在捍卫人权和基本自由过程中为其提供专业的法律援助或其他相关建议和帮助。

4.同时，根据可以获得的国际方式和步骤，每个人，无论是单独地或与他人联合，都有权无障碍的与国际机构就人权和基本自由进行接触或交流，无论这些国际机构有一般权限或特殊权限。

5.无论何时当有理由认为在一国管辖下有对人权和基本自由的侵犯现象发生时，国家应当立即对其进行公正的调查或审查。

第10条

任何人都不得参与侵犯人权和基本自由的活动，并且任何人都不能因为不参与这些活动而受到惩罚。

第11条

每个人，无论单独地或与他人联合，都有权从事合法的工作或职业。如果一个人从事的工作会影响到他的尊严、人权和基本自由，他应当尊重这些权利和自由，使自己的工作行为符合此项工作的相关国内和国际处理方式和道德标准。

第12条

1.每个人无论单独地或与他人联合，都有权参加反对侵犯人权和基本自由的和平活动。

2.当每个人，无论单独地或与他人联合，在合法实践本宣言所指出的各项权利，而受到任何暴力、威胁、报复，在实际上或法律上的任何歧视、压力或其他压迫行为时，国家应当通过适当机构来采取必要措施以制止这些行为。当每个人，无论单独地或与他人联合，在通过和平方式反对和抗议影响了人权和基本自由享有的活动和行为时，包括那些由于政府的忽略而造成的对人权和基本自由的侵犯以及那些团体或个人的暴力行为，都有权受到国内法律地有效保护。

第13条

每个人，无论单独地或与他人联合，为了促进和保护人权和基本自由的发展，都有权根据本宣言第三条，通过和平的方式来征集、接收和使用资源。

第14条

1.国家有责任采取立法的、司法的、行政的或其他适当的方式来增进在其司法管辖下的所有人在公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利方面的相互理解。

2.这些方式应当包括，通过：

（a）国家法律法规以及可适用的基本国际人权保护方式的公布和广泛传播；

（b）人权方面的国际文件的全面公开，包括由国家向其加入的人权公约所设机构的定期报告，以及这些机构的官方报告和会议记录。

3.当在一国司法管辖下有更多促进和保护人权和基本自由的独立机构建立时，无论它们是调查机构、人权协会或其他形式的国内机构，国家都应当以适当的方式保证和支持它们的建立和发展。

第15条

国家有责任在其教育的各个阶段促进对人权和基本自由的教学，同时在培训律师、法律执行官员、军队成员及公共官员时应当开设人权课程。

第16条

个人、非政府组织及相关机构应当通过教育、培训、研究等活动，使公众更加注意到人权和基本自由的问题，致力于增强国家间，各种族间，宗教阿团体间的相互理解和包容，发展和平友好的关系，增进不同社会、团体背景下人们的互相谅解，这样人权活动者的目的才可以达到。

第17条

每个人，无论单独的还是与他人联合，在具体实践本宣言所涉及到的权利和自由时，都应当仅受以下限制：国际义务所规定的限制，以及为了保障对他们权利和自由的承认和尊重，为了符合一个民主社会的道德要求，公共秩序和共同繁荣而制定的法律所规定的限制。

第18条

1.每个人都有责任为建设一个能够全面自由发展人的个性的社会而努力。

2.个人、团体、机构以及非政府组织在捍卫民主、促进人权和基本自由发展，推动民主的社会、机构和程序的发展方面都负有责任，应当发挥重要的作用。

3.同样的，他们也有责任和义务推动一种社会秩序和国际秩序的建立，使全球人权宣言中所涉及到的权利和自由以及其他人权方式都能够得到全面的实现。

第19条

任何个人、团体、社会机构或国家都不得曲解本宣言的内容，做出损害本宣言所涉及的权利和自由的行为。

第20条

同时国家也不得曲解本宣言来支持个人、团体、机构或非政府组织做出违背联合国宪章的行为。

？版权1998

联合国人权高级专员办公室

日内瓦，瑞士

Declaration of Human Rights Defenders

From the United Nations（Formally known as the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals， Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms）

Preamble

The General Assembly，

Reaffirming the importance of the observance of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations for the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all persons in all countries of the world，

Reaffirming the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants on Human Rights as basic elements of international efforts to promote universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms and the importance of other human rights instruments adopted within the United Nations system， as well as those at the regional level，

Stressing that all members of the international community shall fulfill， jointly and separately， their solemn obligation to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction of any kind， including distinctions based on race， colour， sex， language， religion， political or other opinion， national or social origin， property， birth or other status， and reaffirming the particular importance of achieving international cooperation to fulfill this obligation according to the Charter of the United Nations，

Acknowledging the important role of international cooperation for and the valuable work of individuals， groups and associations in contributing to the effective elimination of all violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms of peoples and individuals， including in relation to mass， flagrant or systematic violations such as those resulting from apartheid， all forms of racial discrimination， colonialism， foreign domination or occupation， aggression or threats to national sovereignty， national unity or territorial integrity， and from refusal to recognize the right of peoples to self-determination and the right of every people to exercise full sovereignty over its wealth and natural resources，

Recognizing the relationship between international peace and security and the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms， and mindful that the absence of international peace and security does not excuse non-compliance，

Reiterating that all human rights and fundamental freedoms are universal， indivisible and interdependent and interrelated， and should be promoted and implemented in a fair and equitable manner， without prejudice to the implementation of each of these rights and freedoms，

Stressing that the primary responsibility and duty to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms lie with the State，

Recognizing the right and the responsibility of individuals， groups and associations to promote respect for， and foster knowledge of， human rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international levels，

Declares：

Article 1

Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to promote and to strive for the protection and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international levels.

Article 2

1. Each State has a prime responsibility and duty to protect， promote and implement all human rights and fundamental freedoms， inter alia by adopting such steps as may be necessary to create all conditions necessary in the social， economic， political as well as other fields and the legal guarantees required to ensure that all persons under its jurisdiction， individually and in association with others， are able to enjoy all these rights and freedoms in practice.

2. Each State shall adopt such legislative， administrative and other steps as may be necessary to ensure that the rights and freedoms referred to in this Declaration are effectively guaranteed.

Article 3

Domestic law consistent with the Charter of the United Nations and other international obligations of the State in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms is the juridical framework within which human rights and fundamental freedoms should be implemented and enjoyed， and within which all activities referred to in this Declaration for the promotion， protection and effective realization of those rights and freedoms should be conducted.

Article 4

Nothing in the present Declaration shall be construed as impairing or contradicting the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations nor as restricting or derogating from the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights， the International Covenants on Human Rights and other international instruments and commitments applicable in this field.

Article 5

For the purpose of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms， everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， at the national and international levels：

（a） To meet or assemble peacefully；

（b） To form， join and participate in non-governmental organizations， associations or groups；

（c） To communicate with non-governmental or intergovernmental organizations.

Article 6

Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others：

（a） To know， seek， obtain， receive and hold information about all human rights and fundamental freedoms， including having access to information as to how these rights and freedoms are given effect in domestic legislative， judicial or administrative systems；

（b） As provided in human rights and other applicable international instruments， freely to publish， impart or disseminate to others views， information and knowledge of all human rights and fundamental freedoms；

（c） To study， discuss， form and hold opinions on the observance， both in law and practice， of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and， through these and other appropriate means， to draw public attention to these matters.

Article 7

Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to develop and discuss new human rights ideas and principles， and to advocate their acceptance.

Article 8

1. Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to have effective access， on a non-discriminatory basis， to participation in the government of one''s country and in the conduct of public affairs.

2. This includes， inter alia， the right， individually and in association with others， to submit to governmental bodies and agencies and organizations concerned with public affairs， criticism and proposals for improving their functioning and to draw attention to any aspect of their work which may hinder or impede the promotion， protection and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Article 9

1. In the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms， including the promotion and protection of human rights as referred to in this Declaration， everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to benefit from an effective remedy and to be protected in the event of violation of these rights.

2. To this end， everyone whose rights or freedoms are allegedly violated， has the right， either in person or through legally authorized representation， to complain to and competent judicial or other authority established by law， and to obtain from such an authority a decision， in accordance with law， providing redress， including any compensation due， where there has been a violation of that person''s rights or freedoms； as well as enforcement of the eventual decision have that complaint promptly reviewed in a public hearing before an independent， impartial and award； all without undue delay.

3. To the same end， everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， inter alia：

（a） To complain about the policies and actions of individual officials and governmental bodies with regard to violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms by petitions or other appropriate means to competent domestic judicial， administrative or legislative authorities or any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State， which should render their decision on the complaint without undue delay；

（b） To attend public hearings， proceedings and trials， to form an opinion on their compliance with national law and applicable international obligations and commitments；

（c） To offer and provide professionally qualified legal assistance or other relevant advice and assistance in defending human rights and fundamental freedoms.

4. To the same end， and in accordance with applicable international instruments and procedures， everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to unhindered access to and communication with international bodies with general or special competence to receive and consider communications on matters of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

5. The State shall conduct a prompt and impartial investigation or ensure that an inquiry takes place whenever there is reasonable ground to believe that a violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms has occurred in any territory under its jurisdiction.

Article 10

No one shall participate， by act or failure to act where required， in violating human rights and fundamental freedoms， and no one shall be subjected to punishment or adverse action of any kind for refusing to do so.

Article 11

Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to the lawful exercise of his or her occupation or profession. Everyone who， as a result of his or her profession， can affect the human dignity， human rights and fundamental freedoms of others should respect those rights and freedoms and comply with relevant national and international standards of occupational and professional conduct or ethics.

Article 12

1. Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to participate in peaceful activities against violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

2. The State shall take all necessary measures to ensure the protection by the competent authorities of everyone， individually and in association with others， against any violence， threats， retaliation， de facto or de jure adverse discrimination， pressure or any other arbitrary action as a consequence of their legitimate exercise of the rights referred to in this Declaration. In this connection， everyone is entitled， individually and in association with others， to be effectively protected under national law in reacting against or opposing， through peaceful means， activities and acts， including those by omission， attributable to States which result in violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as acts of violence perpetrated by groups or individuals that affect the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Article 13

Everyone has the right， individually and in association with others， to solicit， receive and utilize resources for the express purpose of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms， through peaceful means， in accordance with article 3 of this Declaration.

Article 14

1. The State has the responsibility to take legislative， judicial， administrative or other appropriate measures to promote the understanding by all persons under its jurisdiction of their civil， political， economic， social and cultural rights.

2. Such measures shall include， inter alia：

（a） The publication and widespread availability of national laws and regulations and of applicable basic international human rights instruments；

（b） Full and equal access to international documents in the field of human rights， including the State''s periodic reports to the bodies established by the international human rights treaties to which it is a party， as well as the summary records of discussions and the official reports of these bodies.

3. The State shall ensure and support， where appropriate， the creation and development of further independent national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all territory under its jurisdiction， whether they be ombudsmen， human rights commissions or any other form of national institutions.

Article 15

The State has the responsibility to promote and facilitate the teaching of human rights and fundamental freedoms at all levels of education， and to ensure that all those responsible for training lawyers， law enforcement officers， the personnel of the armed forces and public officials include appropriate elements of human rights teaching in their training programme.

Article 16

Individuals， non-governmental organizations and relevant institutions have an important role in contributing to making the public more aware of questions relating to all human rights and fundamental freedoms through activities such as education， training and research in these areas to further strengthen， inter alia， understanding， tolerance， peace and friendly relations among nations and amongst all racial and religious groups， bearing in mind the various backgrounds of societies and communities， in which they carry out their activities.

Article 17

In the exercise of the rights and freedoms referred to in this Declaration， everyone， acting individually and in association with others， shall be subject only to such limitations as are in accordance with applicable international obligations and are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality， public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

Article 18

1. Everyone has duties towards and within the community in which alone the free and full development of his or her personality is possible.

2. Individuals， groups， institutions and non-governmental organizations have an important role to play and a responsibility in safeguarding democracy， promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms and contributing to the promotion and advancement of democratic societies， institutions and processes.

3. Likewise， they have an important role and a responsibility in contributing， as appropriate， to the promotion of the right of everyone to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human rights instruments can be fully realized.

Article 19

Nothing in the present Declaration shall be interpreted as implying for any individual， group or organ of society or any State the right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of the rights and freedoms referred to in this Declaration.

Article 20

Nor shall anything in the present Declaration be interpreted as permitting States to support and promote activities of individuals， groups of individuals， institutions or non-governmental organizations contrary to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.